References

All factual claims in this feasibility study are backed by the sources listed here. Each section of the study links to the relevant entries.

EU Regulations

ID	Reference	URL
REG-ESPR	Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (EU) 2024/1781	EUR-Lex
REG-BATTERY	Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542	EUR-Lex
REG-CPR	Construction Products Regulation (EU) 2024/3110	EUR-Lex
REG-TYRE-LABEL	Tyre Labelling Regulation (EU) 2020/740	EUR-Lex
REG-TEXTILE-LABEL	Textile Labelling Regulation (EU) 1007/2011	EUR-Lex
REG-EUDR	EU Deforestation Regulation (EU) 2023/1115	EUR-Lex

Key articles cited

ID	Article	Topic
BAT-ART77	Battery Reg. Art. 77	Battery passport requirements, responsibilities, cessation. Art. 77(3) sets the 18 Feb 2027 application date.
BAT-ART77-1	Battery Reg. Art. 77(1)	Each battery gets an individual passport
BAT-ART77-3	Battery Reg. Art. 77(3)	Access rights to passport data
BAT-ART77-4	Battery Reg. Art. 77(4)	Manufacturer responsibility for accuracy
BAT-ART77-6A	Battery Reg. Art. 77(6)(a)	Repurposed battery requires new passport
BAT-ART77-6B	Battery Reg. Art. 77(6)(b)	Passport ceases after recycling
BAT-ART14	Battery Reg. Art. 14	BMS must contain SoH data
BAT-ART14-2	Battery Reg. Art. 14(2)	Read-only BMS access for purchaser or third party acting on their behalf (does not mandate a specific interface such as OBD)
BAT-ANNEX-XIII	Battery Reg. Annex XIII	Mandatory data fields for battery passport
BAT-REC46	Battery Reg. Recital 46	SoH data refreshed at least daily in BMS
BAT-REC94	Battery Reg. Recital 94	Compliance responsibility on placing-on-market operator
ESPR-ART9	ESPR Art. 9	DPP general requirements
ESPR-ART9-2D	ESPR Art. 9(2)(d)	Delegated acts specify granularity (model/batch/item)
ESPR-ART10	ESPR Art. 10	DPP technical design, accessibility. Art. 10(1)(h) delegates access tiers to delegated acts.
ESPR-ART13	ESPR Art. 13	EU DPP Registry by 19 July 2026
ESPR-ART23	ESPR Art. 23	Ban on destruction of unsold goods

Cardano Technical Standards

ID	Reference	URL
CIP-10	Transaction Metadata Label Registry	CIP-0010
CIP-25	Media Token Metadata Standard	CIP-0025
CIP-68	Datum Metadata Standard	CIP-0068
CIP-20	Transaction Message/Comment Metadata	CIP-0020
CIP-26	Cardano Off-Chain Metadata	CIP-0026
CIP-32	Inline Datums	CIP-0032
CIP-88	Token Policy Registration	CIP-0088
CIP-100	Governance Metadata — JSON-LD	CIP-0100
CF-DPP	Cardano Foundation DPP Standards	GitHub
CF-DPP-PAGE	CF DPP Solution Page	cardanofoundation.org
MPFS	Merkle Patricia Forestry Service — off-chain HTTP service (Haskell)	cardano-foundation/mpfs
MPFS-ONCHAIN	MPFS on-chain — Aiken validators for MPT transition proofs	cardano-foundation/cardano-mpfs-onchain
MPFS-CAGE	MPFS cage — language-agnostic validator spec + cross-language test vectors	cardano-foundation/cardano-mpfs-cage
IDENTUS	Hyperledger Identus (did:prism)	GitHub
DID-PRISM-W3C	did:prism W3C DID Method registration	W3C DID Extensions
HYDRA	Hydra L2 Documentation	hydra.family, FAQ
HYDRA-BLOG	Hydra — Cardano's solution for ultimate scalability (IOG, Sep 2021)	IOG blog
MITHRIL	Mithril Documentation	mithril.network
CIP-150	Block Data Compression (ZStandard)	CIP-0150
CARDANO-PARAMS	Cardano Protocol Parameters (live values)	cardanoscan.io, parameter guide
PLUTUS-BUILTINS	ECDSA and Schnorr signatures in Plutus Core (Valentine hard fork, Feb 2023)	CIP-0049
HYDRA-DOOM	Hydra Doom Tournament — 1M TPS demonstrated (Dec 2024)	press release
LEIOS	Ouroboros Leios — Input Endorsers research	IOG paper
DID-PRISM-SPEC	did:prism method specification	GitHub
IDENTUS-ANNOUNCE	Hyperledger Identus announcement (Labs Oct 2023, Project Apr 2024)	LF blog

Hardware

ID	Reference	URL
NTAG5-LINK	NXP NTAG 5 Link (NT3H5111) — NFC Type 5 + I2C master + energy harvesting	NXP product page
SE050	NXP EdgeLock SE050 — secure element, secp256k1 + Ed25519 + P-256, I2C, CC EAL 6+	NXP product page
OPTIGA-TRUST-M	Infineon OPTIGA Trust M — ECC-P256 secure element, I2C	Infineon product page
ATECC608B	Microchip ATECC608B — ECDSA secure element	Microchip product page
TRUST-AND-GO	Microchip Trust&GO — pre-provisioned secure element	Microchip product page
SECORA-BLOCKCHAIN	Infineon SECORA Blockchain — NFC + secure element in one chip	Infineon product page
NXP-S32K3	NXP S32K3 automotive MCU — includes HSM	NXP product page
AURIX-TC3XX	Infineon AURIX TC3xx — automotive MCU with HSM	Infineon product page

| NTAG-22X-DNA | NXP NTAG 22x DNA — AES-based NFC authentication | NXP product page | | BATPAC | BatPaC — Battery Performance and Cost model (Argonne National Lab) | ANL | | EMVCO-CONTACTLESS | EMVCo Contactless Payment Specifications | emvco.com |

Data Standards

ID	Reference	URL
CBOR	RFC 8949 — Concise Binary Object Representation	RFC 8949
COSE	RFC 9052 — CBOR Object Signing and Encryption	RFC 9052
JCS	RFC 8785 — JSON Canonicalization Scheme	RFC 8785
SUIT	RFC 9019 — SUIT Manifest Information Model	RFC 9019
GS1-DL	GS1 Digital Link Standard	gs1.org
GS1-EPCIS	GS1 EPCIS 2.0 (ISO/IEC 19987)	gs1.org
UNTP	UN Transparency Protocol	uncefact.github.io
ISO-18013-5	ISO/IEC 18013-5 — Mobile Driving Licence (mDL)	ISO
ISO-15118	ISO 15118 — Vehicle-to-Grid Communication Interface	ISO

Industry Sources

ID	Reference	URL
BATTERY-PASS	Battery Pass Consortium — Content Requirements (position paper, July 2023)	PDF, resources
CEPS-BATTERY	CEPS In-Depth Analysis — Implementing the EU digital battery passport (2024)	PDF
SERAPH-BMS	Seraph — Why legacy systems cannot support the digital battery passport	seraph.com
DATAART-BATTERY	DataArt — Battery passport data management and EU regulations guide	PDF
CIRPASS	CIRPASS — Collaborative Initiative for DPP Standards	cirpassproject.eu
EPREL	EPREL — European Product Registry for Energy Labelling	eprel.ec.europa.eu
ETRMA	European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers' Association — Statistics	etrma.org
EU-TEXTILE-STRATEGY	EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles (March 2022)	EUR-Lex COM(2022) 141
ESPR-WORKING-PLAN	ESPR Working Plan 2025-2030 (adopted April 2025)	EU Green Forum, EUR-Lex
ACEA-EV	ACEA — EU new car registrations (BEV 17.4% market share, 2025)	acea.auto
IEA-GEVO	IEA — Global EV Outlook 2025, trends in electric car markets	iea.org
EU-DCC-TECH	EU Digital COVID Certificate — Technical Specifications (CBOR + COSE_Sign1)	health.ec.europa.eu, hcert-spec
ZERO-POLLUTION	EU Zero Pollution Action Plan — COM(2021) 400	EUR-Lex
CEAP	Circular Economy Action Plan — COM(2020) 98	EUR-Lex
EURO7	Euro 7 — Regulation (EU) 2024/1257 (vehicle emissions incl. tyre abrasion measurement)	EUR-Lex
LANDFILL-DIR	Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC — Art. 5(3) bans whole tyre landfilling	EUR-Lex
CSDDD	Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (EU) 2024/1760	EUR-Lex
EMPOWERING-CONSUMERS	Empowering Consumers Directive (EU) 2024/825 — bans unsubstantiated green claims	EUR-Lex
WFD-REVISION	Proposed revision of Waste Framework Directive — COM(2023) 420 (mandatory textile EPR)	EUR-Lex
WFD-2018	Waste Framework Directive amendment (EU) 2018/851 — textile separate collection by Jan 2025	EUR-Lex
AGEC-FRANCE	France AGEC law (2020) — bans destruction of unsold non-food goods	legifrance.gouv.fr
EMF-TEXTILES	Ellen MacArthur Foundation — A New Textiles Economy (2017)	ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
IUCN-MICROPLASTICS	IUCN — Primary Microplastics in the Oceans (2017)	iucn.org
ASPI-UYGHUR	ASPI — Uyghurs for Sale (2020)	aspi.org.au
SHEFFIELD-UYGHUR	Sheffield Hallam University — In Broad Daylight (2021)	shu.ac.uk
CRMA	Critical Raw Materials Act (EU) 2024/1252	EUR-Lex
CBAM	Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU) 2023/956	EUR-Lex

Cardano Ecosystem Projects

ID	Reference	URL
LW3	LW3 — Hydra-powered DPP platform (CF Venture Hub)	lw3.io, Coinfomania
SCANTRUST-WINE	Scantrust + Cardano Foundation — Baia's Wine pilot (Georgian wine)	Scantrust case study, CF blog
SEEDTRACE	seedtrace — Agricultural supply chain on Cardano	seedtrace.org
TANGEM	Tangem — NFC hardware wallet (Infineon secure element)	tangem.com

Tyre Industry

ID	Reference	URL
BRIDGESTONE-ITRACK	Bridgestone iTrack — Embedded tread sensor for commercial fleets	bridgestone.com
CONTINENTAL-CONTICONNECT	Continental ContiConnect — Tyre monitoring system	continental-tires.com